📖 Concept of Communication
Communication is the process of creating, sharing, and interpreting messages between individuals or groups through verbal, non-verbal, visual, or digital means. It enables collaboration, learning, decision-making, and knowledge sharing.
📝 Types of Communication
By Channel
- Verbal: Spoken or written words (meetings, speeches, emails).
- Non-verbal: Gestures, posture, eye contact, paralanguage.
- Visual: Charts, infographics, diagrams, slides.
By Flow
- Upward: Subordinates → superiors (reports, feedback).
- Downward: Superiors → subordinates (instructions, policies).
- Horizontal: Peer-to-peer across departments.
- Diagonal: Cross-level, cross-functional communication.
By Formality
- Formal: Structured, official channels.
- Informal (Grapevine): Social, spontaneous interactions.
📚 Major Theories / Classical Models
- Lasswell’s Formula (1948): “Who says what, in which channel, to whom, with what effect?”
- Shannon–Weaver (1949): Linear model focusing on sender, message, channel, receiver, and noise.
- Schramm (1954): Adds feedback and shared field of experience.
- Berlo’s SMCR (1960): Source–Message–Channel–Receiver and their components.
- Dance’s Helical (1967): Communication as an evolving, continuous process.
📊 Communication Models at a Glance
| Model Type | Key Idea | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Linear (One-way) | Message moves from sender to receiver; noise may distort. | Lasswell; Shannon–Weaver |
| Interactive (Two-way) | Includes feedback; meaning shaped by shared experience. | Schramm; Osgood–Schramm |
| Transactional (Simultaneous) | Senders/receivers co-create meaning in context. | Dance’s Helical; Barnlund |
🔗 Channels of Communication
- Face-to-face: Meetings, interviews, classroom discussion.
- Written: Letters, memos, reports, emails, policies.
- Digital: Video conferencing, chat, LMS, social media.
- Mass media: TV, radio, newspapers, podcasts, websites.
🚧 Barriers to Effective Communication
- Physical: Distance, noise, poor connectivity/equipment.
- Language: Ambiguity, jargon, low proficiency.
- Psychological: Stress, bias, emotions, low trust.
- Cultural: Different values, norms, non-verbal cues.
- Organizational: Hierarchy, siloed structures, overload.
📖 Trends in Scholarly Communication
- Open Access (OA): Gold/Green OA journals and repositories for free public access.
- Preprints: Early dissemination via arXiv, bioRxiv, SSRN, etc.
- Institutional Repositories: DSpace/EPrints for theses, articles, data.
- Research Data Management: FAIR principles—Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable.
- Altmetrics: Impact via views, downloads, social/media mentions.
- Persistent Identifiers: ORCID for authors, DOI for objects.
- AI-enabled Workflows: Plagiarism checks, language polishing, citation mapping, peer-review support.
- Collaborative Platforms: ResearchGate, Academia.edu, OSF, GitHub for open science.
Conclusion:
Understanding types, models, channels, and barriers helps improve everyday communication, while awareness of evolving scholarly practices empowers researchers and LIS professionals to share knowledge more openly and effectively.
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